Impaired limb shortening following stroke: what's in a name?

BackgroundDifficulty advancing the paretic limb during the swing phase of gait is a prominent manifestation of walking dysfunction following stroke. This clinically observable sign, frequently referred to as 'foot drop', ostensibly results from dorsiflexor weakness.ObjectiveHere we investigated the extent to which hip, knee, and ankle motions contribute to impaired paretic limb advancement. We hypothesized that neither: 1) minimal toe clearance and maximal limb shortening during swing nor, 2) the pattern of multiple joint contributions to toe clearance and limb shortening would differ between post-stroke and non-disabled control groups.MethodsWe studied 16 individuals post-stroke during overground walking at self-selected speed and nine non-disabled controls who walked at matched speeds using 3D motion analysis.ResultsNo differences were detected with respect to the ankle dorsiflexion contribution to toe clearance post-stroke. Rather, hip flexion had a greater relative influence, while the knee flexion influence on producing toe clearance was reduced.ConclusionsSimilarity in the ankle dorsiflexion, but differences in the hip and knee, contributions to toe clearance between groups argues strongly against dorsiflexion dysfunction as the fundamental impairment of limb advancement post-stroke. Marked reversal in the roles of hip and knee flexion indicates disruption of inter-joint coordination, which most likely results from impairment of the dynamic contribution to knee flexion by the gastrocnemius muscle in preparation for swing. These findings suggest the need to reconsider the notion of foot drop in persons post-stroke. Redirecting the focus of rehabilitation and restoration of hemiparetic walking dysfunction appropriately, towards contributory neuromechanical impairments, will improve outcomes and reduce disability

Preliminary testing of a prototype portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer

A portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer for use as an analyzer in mineral resource investigative work was built and tested. The prototype battery powered spectrometer, measuring 11 by 12 by 5 inches and weighing only about 15 pounds, was designed specifically for field use. The spectrometer has two gas proportional counters and two radioactive sources, Cd (10a) and Fe (55). Preliminary field and laboratory tests on rock specimens and rock pulps have demonstrated the capability of the spectrometer to detect 33 elements to date. Characteristics of the system present some limitations, however, and further improvements are recommended

Pickwick Papers and the Development of Serial Fiction

Paper by Robert L. Patte

Measures of Socio-Economic Status in Educational Research: The Canadian Context

This study aims to recommend and test a conceptual model for socio-economic status (SES) and variables to measure it that are available to researchers in Canada and applicable in other countries. Recommendations for quantitative researchers are presented to address issues that arise with including SES in analyses. The study analyzed data linking student achievement in mathematics and literacy to both economic and social factors. Results from hierarchical linear modelling showed that the use of intersecting variables was better served to answer research questions than any individual SES measure or a composite measure. Using SES measures at the school and neighbourhood level is also recommended

Cleft sentences, construction grammar and grammaticalization

This thesis examines the structure and function o f the English //-cleft configuration within the fram ework o f construction grammar. M y analysis begins with the claim that //-clefts are a subtype o f specificational copular sentence. After identifying problems with previous accounts, I outline my own, original analysis o f specificational NP be NPsentences. I argue that specificational meaning involves an asymmetric predication relation and is dependent upon the inherent semantics o f definite noun phrases (rather than syntactic movement). I treat nominal predication set theoretically, as a semantic relation between mem bers and sets. I claim that specificational meaning is brought about by a reinterpretation o f the class-membership relation involving definite NP predicates, whereby the referent is identified as the unique member o f a restricted and existentially presupposed set.As a m em ber o f the family o f specificational copular sentences, the //-cleft inherits properties from the more basic construction. From this, it follows that //-clefts should also involve a nominal predication relation, containing a definite NP predicate. This leads me to argue in favour o f a non-derivational extraposition-from-NP analysis o f //-clefts, in which the pronoun it and the cleft clause (analysed here as a restrictive relative) function together as a discontinuous definite description. M y analysis improves on similar accounts o f this type in two ways. First, since my analysis explains the role that definite descriptions play in the creation of specificational meaning, I am able to explain, rather than simply identify, the numerous similarities between it-clefts and definite noun phrases. Second, my analysis o f specificational sentences as involving a nominal predication relation allows for a straightforward account o f the relationship between specificational and predicational it-clefts.The thesis also examines the historical development of the //-cleft construction. I show that (a) much of the it-cleft’s structure is reminiscent of an earlier stage of the language and (b) the construction has become increasingly schematic and productive over time, sanctioning instances which override inheritance from the more basic specificational schema. In this way, the historical evidence provides an explanation for the it-cleft’s idiosyncratic properties. Together, my synchronic and diachronic analyses add up to a maximally explanatory account of the it-cleft construction

Three Bangor Novels

Three short novels with Bangor as the setting by Burt L. Standish from Top Notch Magazine from 1912. Burt L. Standish was the pen name of Corinna, Maine, native Gilbert Patten. The novels are: Bainbridge of Bangor, The Portals of Chance, and Crucial Fire.https://digicom.bpl.lib.me.us/books_pubs/1266/thumbnail.jp